The Definition Of Art As An Art Essay - 1155 Words

The definition of art seems to be somewhat of a blurry line for many. What some may consider art, is just trash to others. What looks to some people like blotchy colors on a piece of canvas, may look to others like an elegant master piece beaming with life. Everyone sees art through a different set of lenses. Looking at art sometimes takes a good imagination. One person may interpret what the creation was intended to be, but often it is a different interpretation from what another person may say. Webster s dictionary gives the definition of art as â€Å"an activity (as painting, music, or writing) whose purpose is making things that are beautiful to look at, listen to, or read†. (Webster Dictionary). That definition seems to leave some things out that are currently considered art. What can art vaguely be defined as, â€Å"the idea may be about anything, from gender to technology, social issues, religion, and even perception itself. And it doesn’t matter if the o bject or idea has any sense of beauty at all.† (Ford Crull). Art is a hard thing to give a specific definition to because there is always going to be some new form of art that will mix up whatever definition is given to the word art. Many have their own opinion on the matter of what art is and what art is not. Although there are many opinions, most seem to settle with art being a subjective subject that mean different things to different people. Art is something perceived through life experiences,Show MoreRelated Original Definition of Art Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pages My definition of art is imagination and passion expressed by creating a visual feature. I consider art to be a figurative of the imagination because everything starts with thought. People create life by thinking of ways to develop; this then creates art. It is as simple as watching a child draw a picture. I can recall imagining a picture in my head and expressing my thoughts on paper. The drawing did not come out as I imagined but it took me to a place and every time I saw the picture I thoughtRead MoreDefinition Essay : Defining Art1654 Words   |  7 PagesDefining art is a frustrating and thought provoking idea, because to define art is the equivalent to putting up a wall and saying you cannot pass it, but as human nature works, someone will eventually attempt and succeed at crossing over the wall. I personally enjoy the thought of artists constantly breaking the barrier of things considered to be art, but I also enjoy the thought of people preparing definitions to share with th e world, because it causes this ongoing controversy. I believe the mostRead MoreThe Definition Of The Word Art For Example1031 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe abstract words with their own definitions that are closest to what the literal definition of the word is. This can make our language somewhat harder to understand, because if everyone has their own definition for a word, then no one will know exactly what something means when it comes up in a conversation. people have to get to the closest related definition, so we don’t become confusing later on. Use the word Art for example. The dictionary definition of art is â€Å"the quality, production, expressionRead More Definition Essay - What is Art?569 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition Essay - What is Art? There are few questions quite as esoteric or as futilely subjective as the philosophers What is†¦? Yet posing and answering this question in reference to the identity of art is critical to further discussions of our subject matter in this course. There is no way for us to discuss art until we have a working definition of what art is; we cant adequately use the term until weve defined it. To this end, I would like to submit this as a workingRead MoreMy Own Definition Of Art1124 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous forms of art over many decades and continue to analyze what art is and how the aesthetics of it affect viewers. Audiences have gathered to â€Å"ooh† and â€Å"ahh† at art galleries, musicals, play and ballet performances, and concerts. In fact people even travel long distances to view world-renowned tourist sites, such as the Sistine Chapel. There are billions of creations and events that are considered art whether that art is valued by a large audience or the artist alone. Either way, art has become aRead MoreDifferent Definitions of Art and Photography2371 Words   |  10 PagesTo test the validity of the statement ‘All the arts are based on the presence of man, only photography derives an advantage from his absence.’ (Bazin 1967: 13), one has to first define what is meant by art. This commentary is going to examine this statement using three different definitions of art, Bazin’s, Tolstoy’s and Arnheim’s definitions. Andre Bazin believed realism lies at the heart of art, and that art is the process of reproducing reality. He believed that an artefact should ‘helps usRead More Definition Essay - Defining Art492 Words   |  2 PagesDefinition Essay – Defining Art What is art? Art and perception are deeply interrelated, since our ability to experience and comprehend artistic works is strongly biased by our own perceptions. Accordingly, any definition of art should emphasize the importance of perception in creating and experiencing art. Yet, each person has his or her own opinion of every artistic work, biased by his or her own perceptions, causing each person to define art as a whole in his or her own subjective mannerRead More Definition Essay - Art is Anything456 Words   |  2 PagesDefinition Essay - Art is Anything Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary[1][1] defines art as â€Å"the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects; also, works so produced.† This definition is inclusive of most forms of art. Unfortunately, art goes far beyond this limiting sentence. Art can be thoughts, aesthetic creations, musical compositions, or choreography. Art can be seen, heard, and/or felt. Art is concrete and abstract, at the sameRead MoreExplain The Aesthetic Definition Of Art. Is It Plausible?1961 Words   |  8 Pages Explain the aesthetic definition of art. Is it plausible? Explain why, or why not, with specific reference to literature. The aesthetic definition of art describes art as a vehicle (Carroll, 1999) for aesthetic experience. Therefore art is only really an artwork if it triggers aesthetic responses and experiences for its audience. In other words, art is defined through aesthetics; and aesthetic experiences. There are a number of crucial elements which must be explained in order to accountRead MoreDefinition And Concepts Of Art And Science Of Nursing2271 Words   |  10 Pagesprofession. In this paper I will discuss the following: the definition and concepts of art and science of nursing, how each of these concepts affects nursing practice based on literature, relate how they influence my current personal practice, identify the influences on the changing health care environment, and examine how my nursing practice has changed in the last five years. I will also discuss the strategies I have used to apply the art and science of nursing in my practice and identify the approach

Recruitment Is A Core Function Of Human Resource Management

This report will present a set of useful advice and meaningful insights on the recruitment focus for organizations in the technology industry. It will also provide some facts and explanations on the areas they need to look at, processes they need to consider, as well as pitfalls, issues and ideas relevant to this practice. The report aims to assist organizations and managers to improve or develop on this particular area of recruiting process. Human Resource Management (HRM or HR) is a function in an organization designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives. Organization’s HRM practices should be designed with and grounded in an understanding of the specific employee’s behavior required to successfully implement the organization’s particular competitive strategy. The objectives of HRM practices are to encourage and support employees’ behavior in order to drive successful strategy execution. Recruitment is a core function of human resource management. It refers to the process of searching and obtaining potential job applicants from a target pool, enabling employers to select the most suitable candidates to fill job vacancies in a timely and cost effective manner. In other words, recruitment provides a pool of applicants from which to select people for specific positions or for adding to the organization’s stock of human resources. In high-technology industry, most recruiters are aware that finding the best IT professionalsShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on the recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in an organization† (Heathfield ?). HRM is focused on how to make the company better with the help of the employees. â€Å"The HRM department members provide the knowledge, necessary tools, training, administrative services, coaching, legal and management advice, and talent management oversight that the rest of the organization needsRead MoreThe Role Of Human Resource Planning : Selection And Recruitment789 Words   |  4 PagesResourcing (Selection and Recruitment) In today’s modern working world, companies have increasingly become more competitive in its people resourcing techniques (Delaney Huselid, 1996; Ordiz Fernà ¡ndez, 2005). Over the last decade, leadership teams have shifted its approach and therefore, invested significant time and resources on Human Resource Management (Boselie et al., 2005; Cassell et al., 2002). 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These activities include corporate human resources strategy, employee recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation management, staff flow management, employee relationship management, employee safety and health management, etc. Namely: enterprise modern management method, is used to obtain (candidate)Read MoreGlobal Corporations Should Outsource Transactional Hr Functions1593 Words   |  7 PagesIn response to the question, global corporations should outsource transactional HR functions but not the whole HR department, and still it depends on the organization’s core competencies in the business environment. HR outsourcing has been a prevalent topic since 1980’s, MNC’s have been outsourcing various HR functions such as legal activity, recruitment, pension, benefits, payroll etc. as a means to cut cost s and shift it to the expertise service providers. 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Introduction In corporate world small organisation performs the many jobs by a couple of people occasionally, however in a large organisation like Cadbury people need to be specialised in many unique individual tasks. Functional areas will be the departments specified with Particular tasks inside an organisation. Accounts and money, Sales and marketing, Customer services and human useful resource

Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment - Sample Solution

Questions: 1. Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? provide real life examples.2. Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in.3. Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels. Answers: Introduction In the past few years, the economic condition has encountered critical changes. Obviously, the connections between various countries have expanded enormously, particularly after the wave of globalization. Hence, the risk or danger associated with financial breakdown in a specific nation may affect upon different nations including that of the increment on the financial connections among nations. It has been observed that the global financial crisis during 2008 to 2009 had created significant impact on the economies of the individual countries by virtue of the interconnection (Mankiw, 2007). Generally, there are various elements that prompt significant effects upon the development and growth of the nations, and all these components are also referred as the indicators of the financial performance. All these components include the inflation, rate of unemployment, growth rate of GDP, output of the economy, per capita income and so forth. Each of the components indicates the performance of the economy. The legislature is additionally in charge of embracing distinctive measures in setting to budgetary strategies to upgrade the monetary conditions (Krugman and Wells, 2009). The key goal of this paper is to reflect upon the connection between distinctive markers and additionally the measures which are being adopted by the individual government for enhancing the states of economy. 1. Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment It is evident that the two major indicators of the economic performance a nation are inflation and rate of unemployment. Inflation can be defined as the increase in the price level in a particular economy. On the other hand, unemployment can be described as the number or percentage of people who are searching for job in order to earn a livelihood but unable to get one. The people who are looking for jobs but cannot get an opportunity to work are referred as unemployed people (Lehmann, 2011). The annual increment in the rate of unemployment in the world is considered for calculating the overall global rate of unemployment. It has been found that the annual increment in the rate of unemployment across the world leads to growing number of unemployed people which is not at all desired as it affects the economy in a negative way. Hence, it can be stated that inflation rate and unemployment rate are the major two indicators of the economy (Mankiw, 2007). High rate of inflation is not desir able for the nation as it leads to significant increase in the price of goods and services. Hence, the suffering of common people increases. Additionally, high rate of unemployment is also not appreciated by the society as the burden of unemployed people increases (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2006). Thus, high level of inflation as well as unemployment has a negative impact on the economy of the nation. Various research papers have provided evidence regarding the significant trade off which exist between inflation rate and unemployment rate of the economy. It has been found that there is a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation (Lanne and Luoto, 2013). The inverse association between these two factors can be demonstrated with the aid of Philips curve. In short run, if inflation rate increases, unemployment rate declines. Hence, it can be stated that there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and inflation in the economy. However, this relationship does not hold in long run. The Philips curve has been illustrated below in order to depict the relationship between unemployment rate and inflation of an economy (Krugman and Wells, 2009). (Phillips Curve, Source: (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2006)) From the above diagram, it can be implied that the unemployment rate can be decreased in a nation when the government adopts effective policy for managing inflation. Hence, it is true that the inflation cannot be completely undesired in an economy. Economists have segmented inflation into two categories, demand pull and cost push inflation. Demand pull inflation occurs when the total demand of the economy enhances which means the demand curve shift to the right side. Consequently, with the increase in demand, the price of the products and services will increase in the economy (KELLY, 2000). The production will also increase and the business organization will require employing more workers in order to satisfy the growing level of demand(Dorul and Soytas, 2010). Hence, the unemployment rate will be declined. In the following diagram, the impact of demand pull inflation has been represented: (Source: (Abel and Bernanke, 2001)) According to Milton Friedman, the Philips Curve holds only in short run. In case of long run, the policy of inflation will not address the issues regarding the unemployment of the nation. Government Intervention It has been recognized that high level of unemployment as well as inflation are not desired within an economy (Inflation and unemployment in economies on the move, 2000). Nonetheless, a trade off is found to be existing between inflation and unemployment which implies that increase in one of the variables will decline the other. Consequently, imperatively successful measures are to be taken for keeping up the relentless parity between unemployment and inflation, and in this way it helps in amplification of the financial and additionally social welfare inside an economy. Thus, it can be stated that the government intervention is significant for executing diverse policies and procedures for declining the level of unemployment in an economy. This intervention is found to be very useful in keeping up the rate of inflation within the tolerance level. Government may mediate inside an economy with the backing of the different financial policies and procedures. Tax rate and government expend itures are considered to be monetary instruments. Again, the fiscal measures include the change in interest rate, change in the tax rate etc. These may be used for enhancing or diminishing the unemployment and inflation rate. In this context, various examples can be cited which has demonstrated that the negative association between the inflation rate and rate of unemployment. In the following diagram, the inflation and unemployment rate of Australia from 2002 to 2013 has been presented to illustrate its trend: (Unemployment rate and Inflation of Australia form 2002 to 2013, Source: Created by Author) It can be observed from the above graph that increases in the rate of inflation leads to decline in the unemployment rate in Australia. However, some exceptions are also observed which can be explained with the aid of other economic factors. The government of Australia has been undertaking effective measures which helped in controlling both the inflation and unemployment rate in the economy. 2. Inflation, Unemployment and Growth Trend in Australia It has been observed that in various nations, inflation and rate of unemployment is considered to be the major tow indicators of the economic performance of the nation. The growth and development of the nation is significantly reliant upon these variables. It has been found that an association is prominent among the inflation rate, growth of the economy and rate of unemployment (Warne and Vredin, 2006). In this section, the focus will be shifted towards the historical data regarding inflation rate, growth rate and rate of unemployment in Australia for establishing the relationship between these three factors. It has been found that the Australia is one of the most important developed nations off the world. The interconnection with other countries is found to be significant for the economy of this nation. It has been observed that Australia has been maintain good trade relationship with the other nations and focused on enhancing foreign direct investments (Warne and Vredin, 2006). Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are considered for estimating the inflation of the country. It has been found that the inflation rate is 1.70%. In the previous quarter, the inflation rate has dropped to 2.3% due to sharp decline in the price of electricity facilitated by abolition of the carbon tax. From the following table, it has been found that in the latest quarter price of the food has declined. According to the Reserve Bank of Australia, the targeted range for the annual inflation is estimated to be 2 to 3 %. The present rate of inflation demonstrates that in order to meet the inf lation target in the following years, the central bank of Australia will focus on changing the rate of interest (Creighton, 2014). Australia Prices Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit Inflation Rate 1.70 2.30 23.90 -1.30 percent Inflation Rate Mom 0.20 0.50 7.55 -1.54 percent Consumer Price Index CPI 106.60 106.40 106.60 4.20 Index Points Core Inflation Rate 2.10 2.11 7.60 0.87 percent Core Consumer Prices 107.10 106.50 107.10 43.40 Index Points GDP Deflator 101.20 101.60 101.80 6.70 Index Points Producer Prices 104.00 103.80 104.00 70.70 Index Points Producer Prices Change 1.20 2.30 6.30 -1.50 percent Export Prices 85.30 85.30 112.20 16.30 Index Points Import Prices 105.20 104.30 116.30 51.50 Index Points Food Inflation 2.00 3.50 20.60 -3.20 percent (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) In the following diagram, the historical rate and trend of the inflation rate of Australia has been depicted. It has been found that the inflation rate of Australia has been stable over the past few years. In 2008 and 2009, the inflation rate has increased due to the global financial crisis. Presently annual rate of inflation rate of Australia is moderate and within the target rate set by the Reserve Bank of Australia. (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) Now, the unemployment rate of Australia needs to be assessed. High level of unemployment rate is not desired by any income as it leads to various negative impacts on the economy as well as society. In November 2014, the unemployment rate of Australia was estimated to be 6.3% which is highest since 2002 (Qgso.qld.gov.au, 2015). Though 42,700 jobs were added to the Australian economy in October 2014, the unemployment rate rose by 0.1% in the following month. According to economists, the RBA is under extensive pressure and they may focus on cutting the interest rate. It has been observed that for the last twenty years, Australia has not encountered recession. However, the nation is significantly struggling for facilitating a shift to the growth which will not be led by the mining sector. It has been anticipated that the decline in the growth rate of China may lead to the increase in the unemployment rate of Australia because China is the major trading partner for Australia (BBC News, 20 14). (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) Source: (Sum, n.d.) According to above mentioned chart, the unemployment rate in the last few years have been decreasing for improving the intervention of the government within the economy of the world. From various evidences, it is quite identifiable that the Australian National Government has undertaken few effectual measures to work against the alarming circumstances and also offer various job opportunities in the market of Australia. Apart from this, the increase in the multiple lateral industries especially in the private sector of Australian market has given various opportunities by increasing the job offers for all the deserving candidates. Generally, there is a negative link between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. Thus, it is important to identify the pattern of both the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment. In the below mentioned table, relevant information about the two mentioned factors is being provided from the year 2002-2013 (Fasenfest, 2014). Inflation rate unemployment rate 2002 3.10% 6.10% 2003 2.70% 5.60% 2004 2.30% 5.20% 2005 2.70% 5.00% 2006 3.50% 4.50% 2007 2.30% 4.20% 2008 4.40% 4.90% 2009 1.70% 5.50% 2010 2.90% 5% 2011 3.30% 5.20% 2012 1.70% 5.40% 2013 2.50% 5.90% Source: (Rateinflation.com, 2015) From the above graph that is depicting the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate identified from the year 2002-2007, since the rate of inflation is rising compared to the unemployment rate, the Phillips curve is significant (Roy, 2011). Since the year 2008, the Philips curve relationship lacks in maintaining the inflation and the unemployment rate as both the factors have been rising and decreasing at the same period of time. Source: (Ruge-Murcia, 2004) If looked at the above figure, it is clear that in 2001, the GDP was low and thereafter in the later years, there has been increase in the GDP steadily. In the year 2009, the GDP of Australia has been decreased. Due to this, the country had to face hard time in respect to their economy. However, slowly, there has been consistent rise in the GDP of the Australia. Inflation Rate Unemployment Rate Growth Rate 2002 3.10% 6.10% 3.9 2003 2.70% 5.60% 3.1 2004 2.30% 5.20% 4.2 2005 2.70% 5.00% 3.2 2006 3.50% 4.50% 3.0 2007 2.30% 4.20% 3.8 2008 4.40% 4.90% 3.7 2009 1.70% 5.50% 1.7 2010 2.90% 5% 2 2011 3.30% 5.20% 2.3 2012 1.70% 5.40% 3.7 2013 2.50% 5.90% 2.5 Source: (Data.worldbank.org, 2015) The below shown graph demonstrates the pattern of three different economic factors of Australia from 2002-2013: Source: Made By Author 3. Monetary Policy effect: Monetary policy can be termed as the actions undertaken by the RBA(Researve Bank of Australia) to have impact on the financial and the monetary conditions in the cash market of Australia. This would help the organization to meet the economic goals for sustainable growth and low inflation (Langdana, 2009). The Reserve Bank of Australia is mainly responsible for administrating and formulating the monetary policy. This would help to achieve the non-inflationary growth which is mainly targeted as cash rate. The main objectives of the monetary policy in Australia are to maintain the inflation rate between 2% to 3% and also full employment at the non-accelerated inflation rate of unemployment between 5% to 7%. Further, the aim is to improve the growth of economy between 3% to 4% for sustaining peoples welfare and also their living standards. The decisions undertaken by the monetary policy mainly affects the performance of the Australian economy in future. The economic agents actually analyze the prices based on the expectation. The inflation expectations affect the interest rate and also the aggregate demand and supply. In determining the monetary policy, the role of RBA is to maintain the stability of the price, employment and also the welfare and economic prosperity of Australian people. Thus for achieving the statutory objectives, the bank has decided to set inflation target that is to keep the consumer price inflation upto 2-3%. This would help the country to control the inflation and also preserve the money value and also encourage long term sustainable growth. The Reserve Bank makes various moves to guarantee the behavior of money related approach is straightforward. These steps incorporate articulations proclaiming and clarifying every fiscal arrangement choice, the arrival of minutes giving foundation to the Board's approach thoughts, and editorial and examination on the monetary viewpoint gave through open locations and general distributions, for example, its quarterly Statement on Monetary Policy and Bulletin. The Reserve Bank will keep on advancing open seeing thusly. The Reserve Bank advances the soundness of the Australian monetary framework through overseeing and giving liquidity to the framework, and leading the Council of Financial Regulators (including the Reserve Bank, Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Treasury). The Payments System Board has express administrative power for installments framework dependability. In satisfying these commitments, the Reserve Bank will keep on distributed its investigation of monetary strength matters through its half-yearly Financial Stability Review. What's more, the Governor and the Reserve Bank will keep on partaking, where fitting, in the advancement of budgetary framework arrangement, including any considerable Government surveys, or worldwide audits, of the monetary framework itself. The Reserve Bank's order to maintain budgetary dependability does not compare to a certification of dissolvability for money related foundations, and the Bank does not see its asset report as being accessible to help bankrupt establishments. On the other hand, the central position of Reserve Bank in the financial system, and its position as a definitive supplier of liquidity to the framework, provides for it a key part in monetary emergency administration. In satisfying this part, the Reserve Bank will keep on arranging nearly with the Government and with the other Council offices. The unemployment rate of Australia is falling since 1989. Thus the RBA have decided to determine the reductions in the rate of unemployment and will try to maintain the present trend and also different policies for producing sustainable growth. According to RBA statements the economy is stimulating with the low interest rated and unemployment is struck to around 6.25% (Pascoe, 2014). According to the policy, it is believed that the country, Australia is trying to have high wages, high value added economy and also high productivity. This would help to sustain the lives of people and also take up risks. This would also help to improve infrastructure, human capital accumulation and education (Rba.gov.au, 2015). It is also to be noted that there in an increase in the unemployment rate since the mid of 2011 which is about 5.75%. To meet the unemployment objectives, a Newstart Allowance have been started. The government is providing funds for various services for assisting the candidates who are looking for various job opportunities. The primary reason for such intervention is to support the unemployed people and reduce the unemployment for providing adequate living standards and also ensure that the people of Australia obtain employment. The allowance structure that is being decided is $501.00 per fortnight for single people, or $452.30 each for a couple (Ncoa.gov.au, n.d.). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be inferred that due to rise in the globalization there is a significant rise in competition in the market. Even though the nation, Australia is one of the most developed countries, it is lagging behind due to rising unemployment and inflation rate. The government needs to develop measures that would help to enhance the performance of the economy in terms of exchange rate, growth rate, inflation rate and also unemployment rate. Here the report has well identified the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate of Australia. Further the report discusses the impact of monetary policy and the intervention of government undertaken to improve the unemployment rate and also inflation rate of Australia. References Abel, A. and Bernanke, B. (2001).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abs.gov.au, (2015).1345.0 - Key Economic Indicators, 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1345.0 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. BBC News, (2014).Australia jobless rate at 2002 high. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-30426343 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Creighton, A. (2014).Annual inflation rate dips to 2.3 per cent as power prices fall. [online] TheAustralian. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/annual-inflation-rate-dips-to-23-per-cent-as-power-prices-fall/story-e6frg926-1227098362128?nk=bf7f213fb407e18f438c9675cd72aceb [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Data.worldbank.org, (2015). GDP growth (annual %) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Dorul, H. and Soytas, U. (2010). Relationship between oil prices, interest rate, and unemployment: Evidence from an emerging market.Energy Economics, 32(6), pp.1523-1528. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2006).Macroeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Inflation and unemployment in economies in transition. (2000).Economic Modelling, 17(3), p.337. Karahan, . (2012). The Relationship between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty: Evidence from the Turkish Economy.Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, pp.219-228. KELLY, G. (2000). Employment and concepts of work in the new global economy.International Labour Review, 139(1), pp.5-32. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2009).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Langdana, F. (2009). Macroeconomic policy. New York: Springer. Lanne, M. and Luoto, J. (2013). Does Output Gap, Labour's Share or Unemployment Rate Drive Inflation?.Oxf Bull Econ Stat, 76(5), pp.715-726. Lehmann, E. (2011). A Search Model of Unemployment and Inflation*.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 114(1), pp.245-266. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Ncoa.gov.au, (n.d.). 9.11 Unemployment benefits and the minimum wage. [online] Available at: https://www.ncoa.gov.au/report/appendix-vol-1/9-11-unemployment-benefits-minimum-wage.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Pascoe, M. (2014). The government is failing at the limits of monetary policy. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-government-is-failing-at-the-limits-of-monetary-policy-20140820-1065y5.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Qgso.qld.gov.au, (2015).Data Tables: Employment growth and unemployment (a)(b), Queensland and Australia, 197879 to 201314 (Queensland Government Statistician's Office, Queensland Treasury and Trade). [online] Available at: https://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/products/tables/employment-growth-unemployment-qld/index.php [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Rateinflation.com, (2015). Australia Historical Inflation Rate - 2002 to 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.rateinflation.com/inflation-rate/australia-historical-inflation-rate?start-year=2002end-year=2013 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Rba.gov.au, (2015). RBA: SMP November 2013-Box B: The Increase in the Unemployment Rate. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2013/nov/html/box-b.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. ROY, S. (2011). Unemployment Rate and Divorce*.Economic Record, 87, pp.56-79. Ruge-Murcia, F. (2004). The inflation bias when the central bank targets the natural rate of unemployment.European Economic Review, 48(1), pp.91-107. Sum, V. (n.d.). Unemployment, Consumer Confidence, Business Confidence, Inflation and Monetary Policy.SSRN Journal Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Warne, A. and Vredin, A. (2006). Unemployment and Inflation Regimes.Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics Econometrics, 10(2).

Law Enforcement free essay sample

Law enforcement, as a term, refers to professionals or organizations or agencies that are associated with the activities like upholding and enforcing the laws that are In force In a particular ]relocation. Law enforcement organization Is an organization of people, which consists of either individuals or other organizations or both and is associated with law enforcement. A law enforcement agency can be any agency which enforces the law (e. G. Police, federal agencies, Interpol, etc).The Law enforcement organization includes within itself Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA). To differentiate between these two, we can say that a law enforcement agency has powers whereas the other law enforcement organizations do not. The power of law enforcement agency is empowered to collect details about subjects in a Jurisdiction, seize property and assets of subjects, seize proof or evidences and interception, direct subjects to provide information, override Jurisdiction, use of force, etc. The Powers and Exemptions from Law may vary from country from country. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It depends on the legal, social, technical development of the country and on the sources that are available to all the legal enforcement agencies of the country. The mission of LEA is to achieve two main goals. First goal is the prevention of the occurrence of a crime which affects a human being or a society as a whole. The second goal Is to ensure the manner in which a crime was committed against the local laws by the suspected criminals. A number of Law enforcement jobs are found at different levels. Local Police department serves the society by protecting the citizens within their jurisdiction.Police force is empowered to arrest and take the suspected persons into custody for interrogation and to arrest people who commit crime against the law. State and National Law Enforcement professionals are also empowered to arrest suspects when they have proper evidence of the crime. LEA has some other responsibilities like assisting people to avoid non-compliance with law and ensuring safety and security for the people. Some examples for their services are social order, regulation, victim identification, public safety, crowd control, traffic control, search and rescue, awareness campaigns, prevention of anti social behavior, etc.Some of the Law enforcement agencies like Customs and Taxation agencies help people to comply with law by providing services and facilities. Most of the countries have their own Law enforcement agencies which have the authority to function anywhere within the boundaries of their countries. FBI of united States and Scotland Yard of United Kingdom are the best examples of Law Enforcement agencies.

The Incredible Ray

Introduction Notwithstanding the fact that Ray Charles Robinson was blind, he left a legacy that very few people without disabilities can hand down. This essay seeks to provide a biography of this musician in light of his achievements. The biography starts at his birth and then develops logically to his death.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Incredible Ray specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, a section is dedicated to critically analyzing the factors that made the musician succeed as well as the impact of his success on society. For these purposes, a number of academic sources are consulted to provide the background information from which the discussion arouses. Biography Birth and childhood Ray Charles Robinson was born on September 23, 1930, in Albany, Georgia, in a poor family. His parents, Aretha and Bailey Robinson, were struggling to make both ends meet. Aretha was a peasant farmer, and B ailey worked as a railway repairman. Soon after his birth, the family relocated from Albany to Greenville, a poor black neighborhood in West Greenville, Florida. As a child, Ray was interested in mechanics and spent a lot of time watching the men around him work on vehicles and other farm machinery. In the neighborhood, there was a man named Mr. Wiley Pit, who operated a restaurant called Red Wing Cafà ©. From time to time, Pit helped Aretha take care of Ray’s younger brother, George, and it was at Pit’s place that Ray first showed interest in music, playing an upright piano that was at the cafà ©. George later drowned in his mother’s laundry tub. And that was the accident that was haunting Ray all his life as he had been to take care of his little brother. At five years, Ray had developed glaucoma, which was unfortunately not treated and rapidly progressed. It resulted in complete blindness by the time he was seven. Because of his condition, Ray could not att end regular school, so he was enrolled at the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind between 1937 and 1945 (Sloate 87-89). During this period, Ray suffered another blow as he lost both his parents – his father died in 1941 and his mother pass way in 1946. At school, Ray’s musical talent flourished, and even though the curriculum was focused on classical music, he developed an interest in jazz and blues (â€Å"The soul of Ray Charles† 99-100).Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the end of the week, Ray performed at gatherings held by the South Campus Literary Society. During Halloween and Washington’s Birthday, Ray played at assemblies organized by the Colored Department at the institution, and during those events, Ray had first been introduced to RC Robinson and the Shop Boys, a band that later played his jazz and blues compositions. After the death of his mother, Ray left school at the age of 15 and relocated to Jacksonville, where he was put up by a family friend. â€Å"Having friends of the family living in Jacksonville made it easier for Ray to leave Greenville and the State School for the blind† (Beyer 28). He stayed there for over a year, playing the piano at the Ritz Theatre. He earned $4 per night, which was not a bad amount by the standards of that time. Later, he had shifted to Tampa where he joined a band called Florida Playboys and also developed a habit of wearing sunglasses (Charles and Ritz 87). The desire to have his own band forced Ray to move to a bigger city. He had contemplated moving to either New York or Chicago, but after thorough consideration, he opted for Seattle, about which he was informed by a friend as the farthest city from Florida. In Seattle, Ray made his first record with Down Beat records as part of a band called the Maxin Trio. The band consisted of guitarist G.D. McKee and bassi st Milton Garrett. The first successful record was the 1949 release titled the Confession Blues which rose to the second place in the Rhythm and Blues charts. In 1950, Ray moved to Miami, where he signed with Swing Time Records and released to hit singles, Baby, let me hold your hand and Kiss me baby. Swing Time shut down in 1952, and Ray moved to Atlantic Records. Under Atlantic Records, Ray adopted jump-blues and boogie-woogie style. He also recorded some slower blues, with the first hit, Mess Around, in 1953. In 1954, he released two more records, It should have been me and Don’t you know. In 1954, the song, I got a woman, saw the light; it was composed by Ray himself and ascended to the top of the charts in 1955, having become his first song to occupy the top most position. This hit had a combination of gospel, blues and jazz elements, and Ray continued to use the same style for the records produced between 1955 and 1958. By 1989, Ray had made a name for himself, and was the star of all the African-American events, such as the Newport Jazz Festival (Ford 66). The song titled What’d I say released under Atlantic records was a complex arrangement comprising gospel, jazz, blues and Latin music. The song was included in the top ten pop songs list. In 1959, Ray’s contract with Atlantic expired, and he entered into a contract with ABC-Paramount records that gave him unrivaled freedoms. Ray’s first single with ABC-Paramount, Georgia on my mind, turned him into a national sensation, and he even won a Grammy award for it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Incredible Ray specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ray Charles later won another Grammy Award for the song, Hit the Road Jack, and with a proper funding, he expanded band and enjoyed well-covered tours. In 1961, Ray’s success almost hit a rock after police, having searched his hotel room in Indiana, h ad found heroin in his possessions. Lucky for him, the policemen conducting the search did not have proper warranty, and the case was dropped. Ray Charles’ music continued to dominate the airwaves through 1964, but in 1965, he was arrested for the third time for using heroin. In order to avoid going to jail, Ray agreed to go to rehab at a clinic in Los Angeles (Hubbarb-Brown 73). Alone, Charles reached a decision. He went to Joe Adams’ office and announced that he was checking into a hospital. He was done with heroine. (Hubbarb-Brown 74). After he had emerged from parole in 1966, he released chart-topping hits including the RB song, Let’s go get stoned, which reached number one in the charts. Between 1968 and 1973, Ray had moderate success, with his popularity getting overshadowed by the rise of harder forms of rock. He left ABC Records in 1974 and set up his own studio, which he named Crossover Records (Hubbarb-Brown 81). Three years later, he moved back to Atl antic records, where he stayed until 1980. Then he left to join Columbia Records. During the 1980s, Ray was renowned for his tough stance on racism, and he stuck to the mission until it began to bear fruit (Charles 56-57). In 1993, Ray released an album titled My World, which reached the Billboard 200. He also received his last Grammy Award for his rendition of the track A song for you, originally done by Leon Russell. Ray, who was married twice and had 12 children by nine different women, died at the age of 73 on June 10, 2004, succumbing to liver failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lessons from Ray Charles’ life Ray Charles overcame insurmountable odds to become a world-renowned musician. A difficult childhood spurred him to seek success in his own unique way, which he eventually found it. From his life history, there are a number of lessons that young adults and general society can learn. Following one’s heart As a child, growing up in Georgia, Ray Charles first developed a keen interest in the piano that was in Wiley Pit’s cafà ©. The interest kept growing with each passing day, and Ray himself nurtured the interest practicing and showing off his skill at every opportunity he got (Schinder and Schwartz 29). He also faced some obstacles which though did not penetrate to attain what he wanted because at school, the curriculum was focused on classical music, while Ray gave primary attention to Blues and Jazz. â€Å"Whether I was banging out â€Å"Cow Cow Boogie† in the rehearsal room with all the kids dancing round me, or whether I was fooling with the blues on Mr. Pit’s piano back home, I played wherever I could† (Charles and Ritz 56). He pursued his heart’s desires and eventually became a legend. Following the sequence of those events, it is clear that if one finds something he/she is particularly interested in and pursues it fully, he/she will eventually succeed. Had Ray not focused on nurturing his talent, there is a high likelihood that he would not have attained an immense success he did. Because of his desire for success and independence in decision making, Ray Charles became a more powerful name in music than other blind artistes like Andrea Bocelli and Stevie Wonder. Ray found his own way in art, while Bocelli and Wonder had helping hands. The power of ambition After staying in Tampa for a while and even finding a band to play in, Ray Charles came to the realization that he was getting too comfortable and needed a more space to develop further. He had at first thought of settling either in New York or in Chicago, but after thinking it over, he decided that he was not yet ripe enough for such a big market. Still intent on relocating, Ray got a map and asked a friend to point at the furthest city from Florida. He was directed at Seattle, and without batting an eyelid, Charles packed his belongings and travelled to the city. Eventually, Ray moved to New York and gradually turned into a national sensation. â€Å"Ray took that journey with nothing but his talent, determination, and desire for independence† (Sloate 150). Due to his wish to get out of his comfort zone and make a bigger impact on the world, Ray Charles has taught us that as long as one has an ambition and works towards its realization, he/she gets what one wants in the end (Ramsey 223). In the same way, we are also taught to keep our ambitions modest. While at Tampa, Ray understood that his talent would only grow in a bigger town, but also knew that he was not ripe for such big cities as New York and Chicago. There is a likelihood that he would have failed, had he moved directly from Tampa to New York. The small cities he passed through served to compound his success in such a way that the big cities had no option but to take interest in him. This applies even in modern times, and in any situation. The influence of friends In his travels, Ray Charles made a number of friends who influenced the growth of his career to a very large extent. Some of those friends were Stevie Wonder, Quincy Jones and Percy Mayfield, among the others. Most of the friends he made along the way helped him grow further as a musician, while some wrote his hit records and the rest assisted him in production and marketing. This was confirmed by Norman Winski in his book Ray Charles: Singer and Musician. â€Å"Ray’s friendship with Quincy has lasted for decades. They have worked together in arranging music as well as appearing together on several occasions† (Winski 174). Of course, the re are a number of friends he met who influenced him negatively, having encouraged him to develop his drug addiction, but he ultimately had to leave them for the sake of his career. From this, we learn that, on the one hand, friends who positively influence someone will serve to foster one’s growth and should be kept close. On the other hand, individuals who keep pushing a person towards developing negative habits should be dropped. The importance of family As far as romantic relationships are concerned, Ray Charles was not very successful in his private life as he moved from one woman to another. At the end of the day, he had sired 12 children with nine different women. However, he kept track of all his children and supported them in their exploits. At one point, he gave each of them $1million to use as they were pleased. By having maintained closeness with his children, Ray Charles was well supported in his last days, and even as he died, he was surrounded by the members of his family. Works Cited Beyer, Mark. Ray Charles, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. Print. Charles, Ray and David Ritz. Brother Ray: Ray Charles’ Own Story, Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2009. Print. Ford, Carin. Ray Charles: I Was Born With Music Inside Me, Berkeley: Enslow Publishers, 2007. Print. Hubbarb-Brown, Janet. Ray Charles, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Ramsey, Doug. â€Å"Charles of the Ritz.† Texas Monthly, 1.15 (1978):223. Print. â€Å"Ray Charles reveals ‘Bombs put under bandstand’ for his anti-racism role.† Jet 9 Dec. 1985:56-57.Print. Schinder, Scott and Andy Schwatz. â€Å"Icons of rock.† ABC-CLIO, 35.2 (2008):3-56. Print. Sloate, Susan. Ray Charles: Young Musician, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008. Print. â€Å"The soul of Ray Charles.† Ebony 1 Sept. 1960:99-100. Print. Winski, Norman. Ray Charles: Singer and Musician, Los Angeles: Holloway House Publishing, 1994. Print. This research paper on The Incredible Ray was written and submitted by user Emmitt B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Ibis Hotel Introduction Tourism Essay Essays

The Ibis Hotel Introduction Tourism Essay Essays The Ibis Hotel Introduction Tourism Essay Essay The Ibis Hotel Introduction Tourism Essay Essay Ibis is Europes taking budget hotel with more than 950 hotels in 55 states ; ibis offers its clients the highest degree of service and ultimate comfort in its class at the best market monetary values. The ibis criterion guarantees its clients around the universe offer homogenous: a modern room, connected and soundproofed bedding to innovative comfort, breakfast from 4am to midday and a varied culinary art. In this ultimate comfort the ibis room: became modern, comfy and to the full equipped, all hotels in the web, the ibis room is designed to offer its clients a happy slumber and the ability to work calmly: soundproof, connected to the Wi-Fi hotel, with a flat-screen LCD Television, a broad bathroom and a work desk. New bedding to soothe Ibis, happy sleep specializer, has developed a construct of advanced and radical bedclothes. The pillows are generous, welcoming eiderdown and mattress adapts absolutely to your organic structure for a deep, reposeful slumber. And the secret arm of ibis a mattress 7 centimeter more comfort for soft esthesiss. Unprecedented in the economic system section, the new ibis will alter your bed darks. The highest degree of service in its category degree Celsius is enjoy your stay unclouded twenty-four hours and dark, our squads are at your disposal Our squads live to the beat of your demands and your desires: Front 24h/24, little kitchen ibis at all times and a saloon service unfastened continuously. A committedness to quality service Ibis is the first hotel trade name to have economic since 1997, the ISO 9001 quality enfranchisement. This International Standard trades with the quality service twenty-four hours and dark response, adjustment, little kitchen ibis, and breakfast from 4am to midday and saloon service. Today, 758 ibis hotels in 21 states are certified ISO 9001 or 84 % of the web. The contract Satisfaction 15 proceedingss Contract Satisfaction 15 proceedingss is a alone illustration of this demanding procedure. If a cloud disturbs the abode of a client, ibis squads give 15 proceedingss level for a solution, twenty-four hours and dark, and if they can non run that small cloud in the allotted clip, the client is invited by the hotel. Ibis open uping environmental committedness Ibis registered its committedness under PLANET 21, the plan of Accor s sustainable development. Ibis is the first planetary concatenation engaged in the environmental enfranchisement ISO 14001 which installs a uninterrupted advancement via: a recent ongoing conformity ordinances uninterrupted betterment: hotels certified are on a regular basis audited to put new ends. Already 420 hotels in 18 states have achieved ISO 14001 environmental enfranchisement. SEVEN P S PRODUIT: The ibis criterion guarantees its clients around the universe offer homogenous: a modern room connected and soundproofed bedding to innovative comfort, breakfast from 4am to midday and a varied culinary art, Attentive and efficient. Monetary value: Harmonizing the monetary value of ibis is one of the major determiners of the profitableness of the hotel, and the monetary value besides depends on which metropolis the hotel is situated, so Ibis Greenwich is small be expensive because of the activity and the advantage that the around him. Topographic point: Ibis Greenwich is located in a really charming and cunning town, and is located in the bosom of Greenwich, near the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark, and Royal Observatory and the train station Promotion: sing the publicity hotel ibis make a new construct where you reserve 2 darks with Ibis manners every Tuesday and you pay for merely 1 dark, you can book to in last minute.com you will hold possibility to acquire 50 % every hebdomad terminal Friday and Saturday. Peoples: The Ibis Greenwich has a really friendly receptionist staff and really rough response of this profession the making requires is GCSE or LEVEL and is depend for which trade name or star are you working if you do nt hold any making but you have a motive for the trade of the Ibis hotel industry hotel will suggest you rating of preparation to germinate a squad leader to director. Procedure: all Ibis client usage cyberspace to book or do they are suites reserve or, send of Email or naming the line reserve for and all our reserve agent will answer to the client by electronic mail, facsimile, or station. Physical Evidence: the hotel is clean, the suites are clean, quiet, good het hotel, the staff are presentable and pleasant hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.co.uk/books? id=zFfo2MGH90gC A ; pg=PA41 A ; source=gbs_toc_r A ; cad=4 # v=onepage A ; q A ; f=false analysis of the Micro and Macro Environment of cordial reception selling THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT Economy: Consumers passing on cordial reception services are discretional disbursement. The portion of family budgets spent on nutrient off from place declined somewhat during the recession of the early 1990s ( Putnam and Allshouse 1999 ) . Society and civilization: As societal and civilization values, beliefs, and sentiments change, chances are created for new merchandises, services, and constructs. As people become more concerned about second-hand fume, more eating houses, even in provinces where a complete smoke prohibition is non required, have become wholly smoke free, Hotel besides provide non-smoking suites or floors in response to the modern-day clime of the societal environment. Political: the eating houses restaurant industry continues to see force per unit area from the authorities, to better nutritionary labelling or menus.at the province and local degrees, finish selling bureaus, such as province touristry offices and convention and visitants, play an of import function in constructing gross revenues for the cordial reception industry. Technology: the greatest impacts of engineering on cordial reception operations are in the country of communications and the sum and quality of information available for illustration computing machines are used to maintain path of a invitee s history on disbursement, Hotel offer automatic cheque in and look into out etcaˆÂ ¦ Environment: Many cordial reception administrations have implemented environment friendly plans like many restaurant serve H2O merely on petition, and hotels ask invitees to maintain towels on the rack if they will be used once more so that they will non be washed unnecessarily. The micro environment Rivals the market topographic point for independent operations is much more competitory than it was merely a few old ages ago. The high grade of competition in both the hotel and the eating house sections affects pricing schemes and all other elements of the selling mix. And the comparatively disconnected nature of the industry means that the environment will stay extremely competitory and unpredictable. Customers: households are of import to cordial reception sellers for two grounds PESTEL POLICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY environment legal Political The political scene has an tremendous influence on the ordinance of concerns, the buying power of purchasers, every bit good as related companies for this ground, we had to take a expression at many standards policy so that companies can turn and perspective is instead a healthy ambiance. Economic Sellers need to see the province of a trading economic system in the short and long footings. This is particularly true when planning for international selling. Social and cultural the societal and cultural influences on concerns vary from one state to another. It is really of import that such factors be considered. What is the dominant faith, what are the topographic point of work forces and adult females within the society, what are the reactions when coming to foreign merchandises and services? In the hotel industry the sociological facets of UK have non truly affected the concern ; UK is a instead unfastened minded state and therefore is easy traveling for the hotel concern. Technological Technology is critical for our competitory advantage, and is a major driver of globalisation engineering offers companies a new manner to pass on with their consumers. With development of cyberspace, most of the engagements are made via cyberspace. Finally engineering allows for merchandises and services to be made more cheaply and to a better criterion of quality. Environment: PLANET 21 is our 21 committednesss to sustainable development. Health, nature, C, invention, local development, employment and duologue: 21 committednesss to assist the universe run a little more swimmingly. Legal: these are related to the legal environment in which houses operate. In recent old ages in the UK there have been many significantA legal alterations that have affected houses behavior. Opportunities Development of accomplishments, calling chance Evolution of poste to another like ( the director at response ) , possibility to go around the universe IBIS HOTEL SWOT Strength Located in the bosom of Greenwich Near the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark, And Royal Observatory And train station. The suites offer satellite Television and internet entree. Relax at the saloon with a java or a glass of vino Let your ego be tempted by the bites and light repasts that are offered. Increase the twin suites Menaces There is strong competition in the market, opening of smaller hotel, and client petitions a really high making Failings The hotel charged me for twice for the same room on the same dark, claiming I did non demo up for the second of the A I could non park at the hotel, the two highly suffering receptionists offered me the ?10 parking license which would enable me to park Tiny suites uncomfortable beds Porters FIVE Forces Harmonizing to Porter ( 2001 ) the cyberspace is an enabling engineering that can be used within the context of a good concern scheme in any industry. The five forces that impact fight which are outlined in Porter s 1980 work are: barriers to entry, menace of replacements, dickering power of purchasers and Sellerss, and the competition among bing rivals. The most of import determiner of a market place s net income potency is the intrinsic power of purchasers and Sellerss. Menace of Substitute Goods In the hotel industry there is normally another hotel merely around the corner. They appear in all monetary value scopes, with changing degrees of service and comfortss. The changeless challenge will ever be to acquire the invitee to take your hotel over the rival. The cyberspace makes the overall market more efficient while spread outing the size of the possible market and making new permutation menaces. Given the authority of this menace a brilliant cyberspace presence is critical. Dickering Power of Buyers Business individuals taking a hotel for concern travel are savvy consumers and they are comfy with computing machine engineering, It has become really simple for them to travel on-line and book a hotel. They no longer need travel agents, corporate travel advisers or in-between work forces of any sort to find where they will remain. Porter s theoretical account predicts this riddance of mediators. Rivalry among bing rivals The competition among rivals in the hotel industry is ferocious. When possible clients can larn about a hotel on line, the cyberspace reduces the differences among rivals. Peoples tend to seek the best monetary value for the best experience and the inclination is to cut down monetary value to be competitory. The cyberspace covers broad geographical countries so the market is widened increasing the figure of rivals. Barriers to Entry The initial investing in the hotel industry creates rather a barrier to entry but certain barriers to come ining the hotel market are reduced by the cyberspace. A presence on the cyberspace reduces nouveau-riche selling costs slightly, and gives the new rival entree to possible providers and resources.. Dickering power of providers While this is non a significant menace in the hotel industry it can hold impact particularly in the country of labor. With an aging population, there are fewer people to make full service industry occupations and hotels which can pull first-class staff have a greater opportunity of supplying first-class and exceeding experiences to their patronage. As portion of their cyberspace scheme all hotel ironss should hold a subdivision on enlisting for employment.A hypertext transfer protocol: //themarketplaceoflife.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/porters-five-factor-model-and-hotel.html Cleavage and placement Harmonizing to the Ibis website the SEGMENT AND DESIGN is International standardised trade name. ROOM SIZE 16/17sqm Can be customized harmonizing to market demands. BEDDING the bed comfort is one of our extreme precedences. We will be establishing a new Ultimate Comfort Bed . QUALITY Most of the hotels have been ISO 9001 certii ¬?ed. ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY Over 400 hotels in 17 states have obtained ISO 14001 Environmental Certii ¬?cation. Since its creative activity in 1974, ibis has expanded continuously and has a web of 957 hotels, 117,171 suites in 55 countries*** . This strong planetary placement is the consequence of an ambitious enlargement program launched in 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accor.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Contenus_Accor/Franchise_Management/Documents_utiles/Developpement/ibis_megabrand_developpement_brochure_022012.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accor.com/en/brands/brand-portfolio/ibis.html Branding An ultimate comfort offer the ibis room: modern, comfy and well-equipped in every hotel of the web, the ibis room is designed to offer to its invitees a happy slumber and the possibility to work calmly: soundproof, connected to the hotel Wi-Fi, with a level screen LCD Television, a broad bathroom and a desk. Brand new bed, trade name new comfort Ibis, the good-nights-sleep specializer, has developed an advanced and radical bedclothes construct. Pillows are downy, the eiderdown is super-soft and the hi-tech mattress aligns with the denseness points which provide your organic structure, so your slumber will be deep and bracing. And the ibis secret arm is a 7cm topper of excess comfort for a soft and welcoming feel. Unique in the economic system hotel section, the new ibis bed will transform your darks. Recommendation Ibis hotel must concentrate more on concern section and single travelled, must alter they are design room, besides enlarge the anteroom infinite. Decision The success in the touristry sector is non within the range of everyone, the trade of the hotel industry and providing require certain qualities really Particular. First of all, and contrary to what we tend to believe that bearers are non easy, they are surely travel, leisure, pleasance, but the bulk of occupations are sedentary serious or nerve-racking.

Logistics and operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Logistics and operations - Essay Example According to Airman (n.d.), different companies use different types of inventory systems for inventory management and asset tracking. Inventory systems help managers in keeping track of assets and stocks, as well as in knowing where and when they have used their assets within companies. Some of the widely used inventory systems include information services inventory system, fixed asset inventory system, and information system (IS) for inventory management. All of these inventory systems are useful as they help companies keep an eye over stock and assets. In this paper, we will discuss IS-based inventory management system in order to know its effectiveness, as well as the way managers can use this to track deliveries. In today’s age of information technology, almost every company and organization is making a good use of technology based information services to carry out business activities. An information system (IS) based inventory system is one of such tools which helps managers keep track of incoming and outgoing stock. According to Kietzman (n.d.), inventory software is a specialized computer-based program that is used to keep track of the stock inventory, quantity, location, and current status. IS-based inventory management system deals with the use of information technology tools to help managers in doing information processing and management. An information system is a part of internal business control system that deals with a company’s inventory information, stock keeping procedures, and information technology. IS-based inventory systems help managers in tracking deliveries while improving efficiency and keeping control of business processes. A manufacturing or distribution company can never be successful without an IS-based inventory management system because IS keeps proper record of information related to inventory that managers can use for analysis and decision-making purposes. IS-based inventory management

Federal Reserve Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Reserve - Research Paper Example Monetary policy is used to control inflation by revising the reserve ratio requirement or increasing the funds rate so as to reduce the demand of goods in the economy. Monetary policy influences the money supply and by this tool it controls the inflation (The Federal Reserve System 2012). Open market operation is a tool that the Fed uses to increase or decrease the money supply. Through open market operations the fed buys or sells treasury bills, Notes or bonds. This is the way the Fed alters total reserves in the banking system. When the Fed buys $50 million of bonds from a bank, the banks reserve would increase by the same amount and eventually that money would be loaned out by the bank. The $50 million increase in bank reserves would cause an equivalent increase in their monetary base (Colorado 2011). When the Fed undertakes a stimulus program, it essentially increases the money supply in the economy. As seen in the above example, the money supply will increase by $50 million times the money multiplier. If the money multiplier is 5, the money supply will increase by $250 million and obviously that would provide big impetus to the economy (Colorado 2011). Currently, the Fed discount rates are quite low, near to 0.25% that indicates the government wants to give boost to the economy by increasing money supply. After 2008 meltdown, the government bought long-term treasury bonds and notes. This indicates that the Fed is making all efforts to increase money supply to revive the market (The Federal Reserve System

The European Human Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Human Rights Act - Essay Example "In contrast to the importance attached to the democratic accountability of Parliament, institutional checks and balances, and the rule of law as means of safeguarding individual liberties, comparatively little significance was attributed to the European Convention on Human Rights before passage of the Human Rights Act." (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997 p.65) This may be seen as a surprise considering the fact that the UK was an early signatory to the European Convention, and the UK was instrumental to the drafting of the human rights convention. The effects of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights on the English Legal System however, seem to be limited by the constitutional doctrine of dualism, which distinguishes international law from national law. "Considerations of national and parliamentary sovereignty require that treaties alone are unable to alter the internal laws of the UK, because the executive alone enters into treaties on behalf of the United Kingdom. Otherwise, the government could evade parliamentary scrutiny of its proposals through the exercise of its treaty-making powers." (Human Rights Act Research Project 2001) Therefore, as treaties are not self-executing the terms of these treaties must be incorporated into an act of Parliament in orde... courts. "While the European Convention, as an agreement between national governments, imposed obligations on the United Kingdom in international law, it did not impose obligations on Parliament or the government under British domestic law." (Council of Europe 2000) Another challenge is posed by the desire to upgrade the legal status of the individual rights as described in the substantive provisions of the European Convention, while at the same time ensuring the preservation of traditional or orthodox notions of parliamentary sovereignty. "The courts are not given the power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are incompatible with the rights listed in the European Convention, but may only issue a declaration of incompatibility, which does not itself affect the validity or enforceability of an incompatible act." (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997) Thus, the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights has had a significant impact on the English Legal System, and to the concept of parliamentary sovereignty. 2. a) Do you believe that section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 creates a new rule of statutory interpretation for judges Yes, section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 does create a new rule of statutory interpretation for judges. "The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998, and mostly came into force on 2 October 2000. The Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. It also totally abolished the death penalty in UK law, although this was not required by the Convention in force for the UK at that time" (British Medical

Study Of Services Provided By Public And Private Sector Banks Finance Essay

Study Of Services Provided By Public And Private Sector Banks Finance Essay INTRODUCTION Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned largest commercial bank in the country. In 1991 banking sector made a remarkable progression. New private sector banks have brought the necessary competition into the industry and acquire the changes towards higher utilization of technology, improved customer service and innovative products. India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (stake holding by the Government of India ), 29 private banks ( no government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 31 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 75 percent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively. Customers are now becoming more conscious of their rights and are demanding more than ever before. The recent trends show that most banks are shifting from a product-centric model to a customer-centric model as customer satisfaction has become one of the major determinants of business growth. Keeping these in mind, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze the factors that are essential in influencing the investment decision of the customers of the public as well as private banks. For this purpose, Factor Analysis, which is the most appropriate multivariate technique, has been used to identify the groups of determinants. This study also suggests some measures to formulate marketing strategies to lure customers towards banks. PROJECT BACKGROUND STATE BANK OF INDIA State Bank of India (SBI) is Indias largest commercial bank. SBI has a vast domestic network of over 9000 branches (~14% of all bank branches) and commands one-fifth of deposits and loans of all scheduled commercial banks in India. The State Bank Group includes a network of eight banking subsidiaries and several non-banking subsidiaries offering merchant banking services, fund management, factoring services, primary dealership in government securities, credit cards and insurance. ICICI ICICI Bank is Indias second-largest bank with total assets of Rs. 3,849.70 billion (US$  82 billion) at September 30, 2008 and profit after tax Rs. 17.42 billion for the half  year ended September 30, 2008. The Bank has a network of about 1,400 branches and 4,530 ATMs in India and presence in 18 countries. ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialized subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The Bank currently has subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Russia and Canada, branches in United States, Singapore, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Qatar and Dubai International Finance Centre and representative offices in United Arab Emirates, China, South Africa, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Our UK subsidiary has established branches in Belgium and Germany. ICICI Banks equity shares are listed in India on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India Limited and its American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). PROJECT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To study whether the customers are satisfied with the services provided by ICICI bank and SBI bank To know about the customer preferences among ICICI and SBI bank To compare over all commitment, pattern of affective, normative and continuous commitment in public and private sector To know about the various promotional tools of Private and Public sectors banks in India To make a comparative analysis of customers perception for promotional strategies of private and public sector banks in India To find out the key promotional tools for banking services on the basis of customers responses The above objectives lead to the following Hypothesis: H1: There is no significant relationship between the educational qualification of the respondents and the reason to choose the service. H2: There is no significant relationship between the occupation of the respondents and the type of service they prefer the most. RESEARCH PROGRAMME THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS: RESEARCH PROBLEM Assessment of consumer perception and behavior in relation with SBI and ICICI bank in Panipat, Haryana. RESEARCH DESIGN AND PLAN The study is both descriptive and exploratory in nature. By descriptive research the extent of difference in the needs perception attitudes and characteristics of customers would be gathered. Diagnostic analysis will be used when customers will be asked questions such as why do you feel that way? Exploratory studies will provide information to use in analyzing a situation. Descriptive research will be used to uncover conclusive evidences to determine a particular course of action. The research design and plan was based on various factors like Method of data collection: RESEARCH METHOD The proposal is basically research oriented and it depends mainly on primary sources of data. It would be acquired through close-ended structured questionnaire in various ICICI and SBI banks covered under the project. The information validity depends upon the ability of the peoples understanding of the questions that is being asked by the researcher. Survey Method: This method would be used to get more detailed information of responders through Questionnaire. Further this is the only method to get the desired information. DATA SOURCES Primary Data: The research would be done with the help of primary data as it requires firsthand information on individual interviews. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Research instrument would be a questionnaire as the data is primary. The questionnaire would be designed on the following basis: To know about the customer needs and preferences To find ways to provide them more satisfaction To understand the factors that influence their decision while choose among the different banks SAMPLING: The sample consists of all those persons who either have a bank account in ICICI and SBI or are planning to open it in next few months. For this research we use non-probability sampling. Zikmund (1997) stated that in non-probability sampling, the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown. The element in the population does not have any probability attached to their being chosen as sample subjects. Snow ball sampling will be applied in this research. Snow ball sampling refers to the procedure that involves the selection of additional respondents based on referrals of initial respondents. Elements: Students, businessmen, Traders, Farmers, Workers, Salesman etc. Extent: Panipat Survey Time: 6 Weeks Sample size: 200 customers are to be questioned. The target population in this research refers to the bank customers who are having an account in SBI bank and ICICI bank due to the convenience in collecting the data. The respondents can be any gender, any income level, any occupation and any education level. Approach: 260 people would be approached SAMPLING PLAN Data would be collected from both public as well as private sources from all department.Accompanying each questionnaire is a letter explaining the general purpose of the study. Participants in the study are entirely voluntary. The researcher is going to collect the data from the ATMS and also by visiting the bank. It would be directly obtained from the customers. DATA ANALYSIS Appropriate statistical analysis will be adopted. The data will be tabulated and analyzed. DELIVERABLES To get the clear view as to which bank is more efficient in focusing on serving their customer by building long term relationships through performance excellence and delivering customer satisfaction. To know about the reliability of the response and provide major requirements by getting feedback on questionnaire. What are the reasons to choose a public bank like SBI? To examine in depth about their loan, ATM and other facilities that attract customers To know why some people choose SBI while other prefer ICICI Both the banks are competing equally with each other. But SBI bank is a bit below the line in customer complaints handling when compared to ICICI bank. The researcher would aim to know where they should focus to attain more and more customers while retaining the older ones at the same time. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Making Government the Best Place to Work: Building Commitment (Belcourt, Professor of Human Resource Management at York University, 2000; and Simon Taggar. Resources Library, internet, journels, magazines.

Kate Chopins The Storm and The Story of an Hour Essay -- Papers Chopi

Kate Chopin's "The Storm" and "The Story of an Hour" 'The Storm' and 'The Story of an Hour' expresses the attitudes of two women's rebirth and liberation. These two stories are alike in several ways. Natures plays a major role in both of these women's lives. Calixta and Mrs. Louise Mallard struggle to find their independence and in doing so the endings are triumphant and tragic. 'The Storm' begins on a stormy spring day, with the protagonist Calixta at her sewing machine. She is alone, her husband Bobinot and son Bibi have gone to the store. Calixta seems to be a bored woman, confined to her duties as a housewife and mother. As the distant storm approaches she is unaware of what the storm brings, her former lover Alcee. Calixta allows Alcee into her home and opens her whole world to him. There is a connection between the storm that is going on outside and the storm of emotions going on in Calixta and Alcee. The weather sends Calixta into Alcee?s arms, he wraps his arms around her, and they can no longer hide their feelings for one another. They gave into their raging emotions and made love. Outside the weather was subsiding and Calixta and Alcee?s bodies felt relaxed and calmed. ?The rain was over; and the sun was turning the glistening green world into a palace of gems.? (1614) His face beamed with light like the sun. The storm inside of her was satisfied and for a brief instant Calixta felt liberated from her ordinary dull life. Unlike Calixta, Louise Mallard is a fragile woman afflicted with heart trouble. It comes to her attention through a trustworthy friend that her husband, Brently Mallard has been killed in a railroad disaster. She is overcome with intense grief and instantly weeps o... ... she has. Mrs. Mallard?s freedom did not last but a few moments. Her reaction to the news of the death of her husband was not the way most people would have reacted. We do not know much about Mr. And Mrs. Mallards relationship. We gather from the text that her freedom must have been limited in some way for her to be feeling this way. Years ago women were expected to act a certain way and not to deviate from that. Mrs. Mallard could have been very young when she and Brently were married. She may not have had the opportunity to see the world through a liberated woman?s eyes and she thought now was her chance. Bibliography: Chopin, Kate. ?The Story of an Hour.? Literature For Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York: 1996. 12-13 Chopin, Kate. ?The Storm.? The Norton Anthology. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. New York: 1999. 1612-1615

Hazard of Coal and Coal Mining to Human Health Essay

Coal is a solid but brittle sedimentary rock with a natural brown to black color and is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and lesser amounts o f sulphur and trace elements. Coal is classified into four types depending on the carbo n, oxygen and hydrogen content on which the higher the carbon content, the more energy the coal contains (Coal at a Glance, 2009). The amount of energy in coal is define d by the heat value measured by British thermal units (Btu). One Btu is equivalent to the amount of energy in a single match (RockTalk, 2005). The four types of coal include lignite, sub bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. The lowest rank of the coal i s lignite and has a heating value of 4,000 to 8,300 British thermal units (Btu) per pound. This type is the softest with high moisture content, least amount of carbon a nd is mainly used to produce electricity. The second least of the four types is sub-bituminous coal with a heating value of 8,300 to 13,000 Btu per pound and contains 35 to 45 percent carbon. After addition of more heat and pressure on lignite, bituminous coal is formed which is made of many tiny layers. It contains 11,000 to 15,500 Btu per pound heating value and is an important fuel for the steel and iron industries. Of the commonly minable coals, anthracite is the hardest and has a heating value of 15,000 Btu per p ound containing 86 to 97 percent carbon (Coal at a Glance, 2009). Coal is a non-renewable source of energy because it takes million of years to form. It has become a powerhouse by the 1800’s in America in which the people used coal to manufacture goods and to power steamships and railroad engines . It was noted that after the American Civil war, coal was used to make iron and steel and by the end of 1800’s, people used coal to make electricity. In the 1900’s, coal is the mainstay for the nation’s business and industries. Coal stayed America’s number one energy source until petroleum was used for petroleum products that became a demand. In 2009, 93.6 percent of all the coal in the United States was used for electricity production. Coal generates almost half of the electricity used in the U.S (Coal at a Glance, 2009). Based from Gree n World Investor (2011), coal has numerous uses primarily as a source of fuel and as a rich carbon source. It also plays an important role in cement and steel industries and coal is the largest source of electricity production. Coal is mainly used as fuel to generate electricity t hrough combustion. In steel production, coal together with iron, are the two raw materials used to produce steel in which the former is used as a fuel to smelt the iron in furnace until the cast iron is further refined. Similar with electricity and cement production, coal is also being used as a fuel in cement industry. Furthermore, paper a nd aluminum industry also uses coal as a fuel since coal is cheap and very available for these types of industries that are huge consumers of energy fuel. According to World Coal Association (2012), â€Å"the biggest market for coal is Asia, which currently accounts for over 65% of global coal consumption; although China is responsible for a significant proportion of this. Many countries do not have n atural energy resources sufficient to cover their energy needs, and therefore need to import energy to help meet their requirements. Japan, Chinese Taipei and Korea, for example, import significant quantities of steam coal for electricity generation and co king coal for steel production†. They also added that coal users further include alumina refineries and chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical products can be produced from the by-products of coal. Refined coal tar is used in the manufacture of c hemicals, such as creosote oil, naphthalene, phenol, and benzene. Despite the myriad benefits coal has to offer, t here is always a disadvantage of using it. According to Fossil Fuel Resources (2012), coal burning causes the emission of harmful waste such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acids, arsenic and ash. Furthermore, coal emits twice as much carbon dioxide compared to natural gas in producing the same level of heat which increases the level of emission of greenhouses ga ses into the earth’s atmosphere. As well as large factories and power industry that burn coal causes acid rain in some areas. Moreover, coal mining damages t he landscape a nd the environment as a whole plus t he large and noisy equipment used for mining may a ffect local wildlife. Transportation of coal can also be a problem since it requires extensive transportation system and causes additional pollution from vehicle emissions. Another huge disadvantage is that the coal is a non-renewable energy source and thi s millennium, coal can be depleted if burning of coal is continued in the future. Likewise, in coal mining industry, health difficulties of miners occur and fatalities due to dangerous nature of work increase. This paper would be tackling about the Health Hazard that is imposed otherwise could be caused by coal and coal mi ning. However, it is important to understand the impact of this activity to economy and environment, which could help in knowing the impact to health t hus socioeconomic and environmental effects of coal mining are at the same time discussed. Developing co untries seek to exploit mineral resources to provide needed revenue thus, mineral wealth is a part of some nation’s natural capital (Davis and Tilton, 2003). However, Sideri and Johns (1990) stated that mineral development does not always boost a country’s economic growth and in some cases contribute to increased poverty. Some of the contributing factors for this misfortune were low level of employment, institutional corruption and mismanagement (Sideri and Johns, 1990). Coal industry development may result in national economic growth however, the benefits are not equally shared, causing local communities nearest to the mining site suffer the most. Miranda et. al (1998) added that mining as a general triggers negative impacts such as alcoholism, prostitution a nd sexually transmitted disease. According to Dr. Michael Hendryx (2009), â€Å"Areas with especially heavy mining have the highest unemployment rates in the region contrary to the common perception that mining contributes to overall employment†. S ynapse Energy Economics (2009) added, referring to Appalachia where mountaintop removal for coal mining is being done, â€Å"History shows that the transition from deep to surface mining devastated the region economically, and that the prosperity of mining companies has not gone hand in hand with the economi c welfare of coal mine workers. Appalachia has suffered from current and persistent economic di stress, and that this distress has been associated with employment in the mining industry, particularly coal mining.† Mountaintop removal coal mining remove the miner from the process, replacing manpower with machinery, and lowering the coal companies’ overhead cost (Appalachian Voices, 2012). From the article â€Å"Mortality in Appalachian Coal Mining Regions: The Value of Statistical Life Lost† authored by Michael Hendryx and Melissa M. Ahern (2009), it was stated that the Appalachian region of the United States has long been associated with severe socioeconomic disadvantages. These results to a poor public health comprising elevated morbidity and mortality rates for a variety of serious, chronic conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, and some forms of cancer. Furthermore, recent studies have confirmed that health discrepancies exist in coal mining regions of Appalachia compared with other areas of the region or the nation . These discrepancies include elevated mortality rates for total causes, lung cancer, and some chronic illnesses. It was noted that t hese studies showed that mortality is related to higher poverty, lower educati on levels, and smoking behavior, and further s uggested that environmental pollution from the mining industry is a contributing factor. In the study of Paul Younger (2004) , â€Å"Environmental impacts of coal mining and associated wastes: a geochemical perspec tive†, it was stated that in the early years of coal mining, impact on the environment adversely affect long -established agricultural interests. The negative impacts of coal mining came to be accepted as a by-product of the generation of coal-based wealth d uring the time when coal trade dominate regional economies in mining districts. These negative impacts became unacceptable when large-scale mining began and took place in major coal-mining economies. It was further stated in the study that t he environmental impacts of coal mining are results of the exposure of reduced earth materials that involves coal and others, to the oxidizing power of the Earth’s atmosphere. The study recognize subcategories of impacts under five major headings consisting of air pollu tion, fire hazards, ground deformation, water pollution and water resource depletion. Production of large quantities of waste is one major environmental issue that can be caused by coal mining. The impacts are more widespread in open-casts compared to underground mining, which produces less waste. Severe impacts could cause degradation of aquatic and marine resources and causes water quality reduction. According to Johnson (1997), erosion after heavy rainfall pushes waste rock piles and runoffs to nearby waste bodies and sometimes, this lead to disruption, diversion, and changing of slope and bank stability of stream channel and t hese disturbances significantly reduces the water quality. Ripley (1996) added that higher sediment concentrations increase the t urbidity of natural waters which lowers the available light to aquatic plant for photosynthesis. Elimination of important food source and decreased available habitat for fish to migrate and spawn usually happens if there is increased sediment loads that s uffocate organisms in marine organisms (Johnson, 1997). Fur thermore, higher sediments decrease the depth of water bodies which could contribute to flood (Mason, 1997). Deforestation is also a major indirect environmental impact of coal mining especially i n opencast or surface mining. Biodiversity is greatly affected , more importantly the removal of vegetation that alters the shelter and the availability of food for the wildlife. Coal mining also poses an environmental alarm in wetlands such as estuaries, mangroves and floodplains that actually served as natural filters of pollution as well as provide habitat for aquatic organisms. These areas are destroyed through direct habitat elimination or pollution from washable coals that were washed to produc e a clean pure coal (H.A. Mooney et al, 1995). Mining activities in general has many environmental impacts but at the same time, poses a significant risk to human health. The health cost of mining operations most of the time outweighs the advantages gaine d ( Yeboah, J.Y, 2008). Possible hazard including diseases or illnesses acquired from coal mining is discussed below as summary of various studies and articles about health risks caused by exposure to coal and coal mining. The association of pneumoconiosi s and other respiratory health risks with exposure to respirable mixed dust was identified in the study of Love R.G, Miller B.G., 6 The Hazards of Coal and Coal Mining to Human Health et. al. (1997), entitled â€Å"Respiratory health effects of opencast coalmining: a cross sectional study of current workers† conducted in United Kingdom opencast coal mines. The study carried out 1,224 men and 25 women at nine large and medium sized opencast sites in England, Scotland and Wales. Full sized chest radiographs, respiratory symptoms, occupational history questionnaires, and simple spirometry were used in the study to characterize the respiratory health of the workforce. In addition, logistic or multiple regression techniques were utilized to examine relations between indices of exposure and respiratory health. The study c oncluded that the frequency of (mostly mild) chest radiographic abnormalities is associated with working in the dustier, preproduction jobs in the coal mining industry. Although some of these mild abnormalities may be non -occupational (due to aging or smok ing), the association with exposure indicates a small risk of pneumoconiosis in these men, and the need to monitor and control exposures, particularly in the high-risk occupations. This study of respiratory health effects of opencast coal mining seems unalarming and maybe controlled since it was indicated that there is a small risk of pneumoconiosis among miners, however, coal mining effects to humans are not just limited to respiratory health. Furthermore, there are various studies that could prove that co al mining or coal combustion is a great contributing factor of respiratory illnesses most especially black lung disease. The negative impact of coal mining pollution to public health is analyzed in a study in West Virginia. Michael Hendryx and Melissa Ahern (2008) used the data from a 2001 research survey correlated with data from West Virginia Geological and economic survey showing volume of coal production from mining. Hendryx and Ahern study was â€Å"Relations between Health Indicators and Residential Proximity to Coal Mining in West Virginia† which have examined the coal mining in West Virginia if it is related to poorer health status and incidence of chronic illness. The study used data from a survey of 16, 493 West Virginians merged with county- level coal production and other covariates in investigating the relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining. The research sought to find whether the effects of coal mining may result only from socioeconomic factors such as inco me and education problems together with environmental exposure problems or it a lso a ffects the health aspect of the people. It was emphasized that quantitative research on health consequences of residential proximity to coal mining is limited to a few stud ies of respiratory illness, which was conducted in Great Britain. With t hese few studies, one showed no effect of coal mining but there are studies t hat found increased risks. These were the main reason why this study was conducted. The result of the study showed that â€Å"As coal production increased, health status worsened, and rates of cardiopulmonary disease, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and kidney disease increased. Within larger disease categories, specific types of disease associated with coal production included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), black lung disease, and h ypertension.† The research found t hat the result of black lung disease is higher in men compared to women since this condition affects miner’s which are men. The risks for coal -associated illnesses increase with exposure to coal by-products. Toxins and impurities in coal cause kidney disease, hypertension and other cardiovascular disease. The effects also resulted from the general inflammatory or systemic consequences of inhaled particles and these effects may be multi -factorial, a result of slurry holdings that leach toxins into drinking water and air pollution effects of coal mining and washing. This study served as a screening test to examine whether co al mining poses a health risk for adults living near the mining site. The researcher recommended that confirmatory tests should be undertaken to establish mechanism of action, magnitude, and health consequences of an exposure effect. Another study of health hazard brought by coal mining is â€Å"The association between mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in ce ntral Appalachia, 1996–2003†, a research study authored by Melissa Ahern et. al.(2011). This study examined birth defects in mountaintop coal mining areas compared to other coal mining areas and in non-mining areas of central A ppalachia. The researchers aimed to know if higher birth-defect rates are present in mountaintop mining areas . Moreover, this study analyzed 1996-2003 live births i n four Central Appalachian states using natality files from National Center for Health Statistics. It was stated from the study that â€Å"The prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for any birth defect was significantly higher in mountaintop m ining areas compared to n on-mining areas, but was not higher in the non m ountaintop mining areas, after controlling for covariates. Rates were significantly higher in m ountain top m ining areas for six of seventy types of defects: circulatory/ respiratory, central nervous system, m usculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, urogenital, and ‘other’.† It was found out that mountaintop- mining effects became more pronounced in the latter years (2000–2003) versus earlier years (1996–1999.). Furthermore, it was mentioned that the elevated birth defect rates are partly a function of socioeconomic disadvantage, but remain elevated after controlling for those risks. They also added that both socioeconomic and e nvironmenta l inf luences in mountaintop mining areas maybe contributing factors. In a researc h article authored by Hans L. Falk and William Jurgelski, Jr., â€Å"Health Effects of Coal Mining and Combustion: Carcinogens and Cofactors†, carcinogens and cofactors that may be present in coal is being tackled. As an epidemiologic evidence of carcinogenic risks in coal mining and combustion, it was mentioned that several epidemiological studies imply that the incidence of gastric carcinoma in coal miners is elevated above that of comparable segments of the general population not engaged in mining of coal. On t he other hand, the article noted that death rate of coal miners from lung cancer is appreciably lower than the rate for non-miners of comparable age. It was explained that the data obtained from various studies about lower rate of lung cancer among coal miners strongly suggest that an unknown factor probably coal dust, exerts a protective effect from acquiring cancer. It was further noted that even though the coal dust is beneficial with regard to lung cancer, it is the causative factor of black lung disease. Therefore, while lung cancer rates might not increase as a result of an expansion of coal production, black lung and other respiratory diseases would probably become more prevalent. Health effect of exposure to respirable coal mine dust according to Center for Disease and Control Prevention includes Black Lung Disease or Coal Worker’s Pneumocosis (CWP), silicosis, mixed -dust pneumoconiosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). CWP was defined as a chronic dust disease of the lung and its sequelae, including respiratory and pulmonary impairments, arising out of coal mine employment. It was moreover defined as parenchymal lung disease produced by deposits of coal dust in the lung and the response of the host to the retained dust. The primary lesion of CWP is like that of silicosis however, the amount and nature of dust and quantity and disposition of fibrous tissue and the presence of emphysema differs. Coal macules are rounded, irregular and ranges from 1 to 5 millimeters, lesions are distributed symmetrically found in both lungs with a greater concentration in the upper lobes (Attfield and Wagner, 1992). The proportion of dust, cellular material, or collagen varies depending on the rank of coal dust inhaled (Cotes and Steel, 1987). Silicosis develops when respirable silica inhaled is deposited in the lungs and varies from chronic, complicated, accelerated, or acute. Third is mixed -dust pneumoconiosis, which describes pulmonary lesions where crystalline silica is deposited combined with less fibrogenic dusts as iron oxides, kaolin, mica and coal (Silicosis and Silicate Disease Comittee, 1988). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to three disease processes which involve chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma which are all characterized by airway dysfunction (Barnhart, 1994). COPD is mainly caused by cigarette smoking nevertheless, it could also be caused by air pollution and exposure to dust. Chronic bronchitis is associated with airflow obstruction and abnormalities in gas exchange (Barnhart, 1994). Coal dust and its sequelae are not the only health hazards of coal mining. Common occupational hazards brought by mining are also applied in mining coal. According to Institute for Occupational and Safety Development (2006), â€Å"M ining poses tremendous risks to life and limb, not only to miners but to community as well †. Hazardous mining operations caused both directly and indirectly countless accident. Hazards presented by mining to workers include intense exposure to heat, poor ventilation, fumes, repetitive stress injury, intense noise, manual handling of heavy machinery aside from biological and chemical hazard. Miner’s tend to have fluid and salt deficiency due to constant sweating since hydration is very limited combined with inte nse heat especially in underground mining sites. Furthermore, miners could have increased heart stress, heat stroke, and fertility reduction due to high temperature. Poor ventilation on the other hand, steals the oxygen from the body which results to brain malfunction and this can lead to death. Vibration from handling or operating large machines could result to permanent bone damage and vibration syndrome or dead finger syndrome that could proceed to hand and finger gangrene. The constant shaking could als o progressed to digestive problems because of constant moving of internal organs. Hearing impairment or disruption of body functions such as blood circulation and hormone imbalance could be a result of noise and hazardous sound that comes from drilling, blasting among others. Manual lifting of materials can cause back troubles leading to acute pain. Based from the government statistics, a ccidents in the industry of mining was used to be 0.1% in the year 2000 of the total occupational accidents however in 2 002 it increased to 1.7% of the total accidents which is in fact only 0.3% of the total labor force was into mining and this poses a very dangerous trend for mining ( IODC, 2006). Hazards mentioned above are, of course, i nevitable due to the nature of the activity itself. Yet, there are still other ways for them, in a way, to minimize the occurrence of these while working. In line with this is the importance of risk management. To be aware of the Risk Management is very important most espe cially when involving to activities that could pose risk not only to one ’s heal th but also to emotional, psychosocial, economical and e nvironmental aspect of an individual. Risk management is mainly the identification, assessment and prioritizations of threats brought about the actions going through or have gone through already. Through this method, t he pros and cons o f the action to be considered could be weighed. In t his discussion paper, certain risks that should have been given much attention b y the implementers of coal mining are tackled. From the hazards mentioned above, risk management that could minimize the impact includes the following assessment. There should have been even just an exhaust fan or some opening that some air could enter for them to be able to breathe as normally as possible. Also, to be able to minimize cases of deafness, miners are advised to wear ear plugs when heavy equipment is be i ng operated. Through this, noise could be minimized. It will also be advisable for the miners to have a sufficient supply of water with them as they progress with their work. Proper hydration is very much essential for them because there is poor ventilation inside the mine. The beverage they have with them should contain electrolytes for them to minimize incidence of fluid and salt deficiencies. An excerpt taken from t he article of Institute of Occupational Health and Safety Development s tates that, â€Å"Mines exposes workers to different types of airborne particulates, making them vulnerable to systemic toxic effects due to the absorption of coal dus t. Coupled with poor ventilation, this can trigger accidents and cause death to workers. RSI being a soft -issue disorder is caused by overloading of particular muscle group from repetitive use or maintenance of constrained postures. Miners who suffer from RSI complain of weakness of the affected muscles, heaviness, â€Å"pins and needles† sensation and numbness.† In this hazard, miners are expected to have protective masks that cou ld keep them from inhaling coal dust. Without the masks, this makes them very much vulnerable, primarily, to respiratory diseases and to other health -related illnesses. Presence of openings within the mines should also be considered for them to be able to breathe normally as possible. According to an article posted on www.greatmining.com, â€Å"Coal dust settles like pollen over the surrounding areas.† As what we ha ve discussed o n our Environmental Health class this s ummer, coal dust measures above 100 µm. Thus, it could only irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and throat but not going further . Yet, considering that there is an occurence of anthracosis, which is detect ed primarily in the lungs. There is a contradiction between this standard measurement and association and the chemical effect of the inhalation of coal dust. According to a study conducted by Sapko,M. J, et. al, â€Å"Particle size can vary both within and between mines, since size is dependent on several factors such as mine type (i.e., longwall or continuous miner, along with cutting speed and depth) and coal seam type. In addition to total incombustible content and methane concentration, the coal dust particle size should be considered as an essential part of the explosibility assessment strategy in underground coal mines.â€Å" Coal mining creates several billion gallons of coal slurry, which contains extremely high levels of mercury, cadmium, and nickel. Although lauded by mining companies that this is a safer, more efficient way to produce coal, this type of strip mining has evoked strong protests from environmentalists and people who reside near coal mining areas. Coal mining work can be extremely dangerous, a s the numerous occupational hazards can cause critical injuries or even death. Since coal is also a necessity in our day to day lives, there is no way to be able to totally terminate or stop the operations of coal mining. All we could do is to minimize the risks that could threaten us if we are to put up or be involved in coal mining. References: Ahern M . e t. al. (2011) . The association between mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in ce ntral Appalachia, 1996–2003. E nvironmental Research ; Volume 111, Issue 6, Pp 838–846 Attfield MD, Wagner GR [1992]. A report on a workshop on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health B Reader certification program. J Occup Med 34:875Colina N P (2006). 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